These common dairy words and their definitions come from the Dairy Dictionary at Dairy Farming Today. Introduction Over the last decades an enormous amount of research has been done into the ways in which livestock use feed to maintain life, to grow, to reproduce and to produce all of the animal products which man uses, especially milk. The role of firm size and its relationship to adoption has been of long-term interest to researchers. Low-cost operations had significantly larger cowherds than high-cost operations. Pregnant cows in the last third of pregnancy require more nutrients than dry cows. Breaks in the Chine: Breaks in the back (curve in the back) Broken over in the knee: They just buckle over in the knee, no one says it, is just an indication of lameness. The packer harvests the cattle and sells the meat in carcass boxed form. We'll help you find ways to avoid them to help animals and the planet. Each primal cut is further segmented. Raising CattleThe Stages of Beef ProductionBeef production represents the largest single segment of American agriculture. inches of REA  = YG = 2.5 + (2.50*.45) + (0.20*2.5) + (0.0038*700) – (0.32*13.2) = 2.914. Yield grades are expressed in numbers that estimate the percentage of expected cutability from a carcass. usually refers to size of cattle (large, medium or small). A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); "ox" may also be used to refer to some carcase products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood or ox-liver. An intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male is called a bull. Also Read: Fish production Heifer is a young female bovine that has not borne a calf. UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1367 • Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition 3 The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is the feed bill. Marbling is the intramuscular fat in beef which gives it its tenderness and flavor. In the latter instance, the farmer has more than one enterprise and the beef enterprise is the subordinate undertaking. We bet you never knew that these 10 products contain cow parts and by-products. In cattle, AI is used primarily for genetic improvement of livestock and to facilitate high health replacement strategies. Both a “way of life” and a “means of life” for the people involved in To keep this cost low, one must sup-ply the right amount of feed to the animals. The only modern usage we can find is by crossword compilers stuck for a word. They have a duty and responsibility to safeguard the health and welfare of animals on their farm, and should manage their farm to reduce the risk of disease challenge and, therefore, the need to use antibiotics and other medicines. Where cattle are kept for production, beef farming can be a primary or a secondary enterprise. Other terms 1. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition Management Training manual 1. There are separate formulas for marbling and maturity which ultimately go into the Quality Grade. Bull is a male bovine used as a sire in cattle breeding The most commonly used systems are cow-calf, backgrounding, and finish-ing operations. a management unit that maintains a breeding herd of cows and produces weaned calves for sale: Term. Overfeeding is wasteful. inferior genetics. For the maintenance, we need to follow some routines. Animals and their sheds need to be cleaned at a regular interval. The most common use for beet pulp is in show cattle diets or in horse feeds. Typically a producer uses either the straightbreeding or crossbreeding system. Generally, cattle are purchased following weaning in the fall and are wintered on low quality feed until new grass can support the animals’ nutritional requirements. This listing will also be helpful when reading articles on animal feeding and nutrition, feed analysis reports or tags associated with feeds sold in the market. Cattle feed on grasses, legumes, roughage, etc. a cattle of either sex that is 1 to 2 years of age: Term. It appears to be a term local to parts of North America, mainly central USA and even there does not seem to be in common use. To keep this cost low, one must sup-ply the right amount of feed to the animals. Live Cattle refers to cattle industrially-raised for beef production from the calf stage until they reach between 600 to 800 pounds. UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1367 • Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition 3 The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is the feed bill. USDA Beef Quality and Yield Grades USDA Beef Quality and Yield Grades, If you are new to investing in feeder cattle, start here, If you are a cow-calf operator or backgrounder, we would like to know you, If you produce grain, silage, or other feed, we’d like to hear from you. Feed Conversion/Feed Efficiency refers to the pounds of feed needed to add a pound of gain on an animal. According to USDA, 99% of dairy farms in the U.S. are family-owned and operated. Commercial cattle are cattle that are not purebred and are bred for harvest. In all cattle species, a female that is the twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin. Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Cattle Production. Price Differential refers to the difference is price per pound of calves based upon gender or quality. The Black Angus cattle breed came to … Cow-Calf Operation : Definition. In the event of overlap in the terminology defined here and that used elsewhere, the legal definition should be used. Black Angus is the most common breed of beef cattle in the U.S., with more than 330,000 animals registered. 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. The word flink is (supposed to be) used for twelve or more cattle in a group. Common Terms Used in ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION . Feedlots utilize abundant sources of feed grains and by-products to efficiently feed large numbers of cattle. Calves are sold at weaning (typically 205 days of age) or are retained for an additional forage production season as stockers. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding. first milk-like substance produced by the female after parturition, which is thick, yellow, and high in protein and antibodies. Each has its advantages and disadvantages but may improve a group of animals. Bovine. A USDA approved Process Verified Program requires a company or business entity to implement a Quality Management System, based upon ISO 9000 standards, and to provide products or services which consistently meet specified product requirements. Yield Grade Formula  = 2.5+(2.50*Adj. Definition. Agribusiness: a way of farming that combines agriculture and business and usually involves large amounts of land, animals, and expensive technology be Artifact: a historical object made by humans Bacteria: microorganisms that live in the soil and convert nutrients into forms usable by plants Bovine: cattle Breed: to produce offspring by giving birth or by hatching The goal of seedstock production is to make genetic improvements in cattle that benefit the entire beef industry. This listing will also be helpful when reading articles on animal feeding and nutrition, feed analysis reports or tags associated with feeds sold in the market. While all beef provides high quality nutrition, consumers in today’s world have a variety of options in selecting beef for their dinner table depending on their budget and preferences. In 2001, a USDA report found economies of scale were related to low-cost vs. high- cost beef cattle producers (Short 2001). A young female before she has had a calf of her own and is under three years of age is called a heifer. This production system is defined by the use of ruminant species, principally cattle, where feed is mainly introduced from outside the farm system. Poultry also convert Think of it as your hotel room cost. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Colostrum. Landless ruminant production systems are highly concentrated in only a few regions of the world. Homogenization: A process applied to milk that results in fat globules being reduced in size to allow a smooth consistency. Calf: baby cow. 3. Backgrounders/Stockers are terms sometimes used synonymously. Mutton: The meat of sheep or goat. These cattle are typically purebred British or Continental breeds or a cross of several beef breeds, known as a composite. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding. Any investment in cattle is at the sole discretion of any potential investor. The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. Seedstock are marketed as bulls and replacement females to other seedstock producers or to cow-calf producers. inferior genetics. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder-calves or simply feeders. Conformation. Backgrounders are cattle operations that take weaned calves and feed them summer grass  to add weight before being sent to a feedyard for finishing. This is perhaps the most important metric in the economics of animal protein production. 4. The purpose of this publication is to serve as an educational reference and resource to those who are interested in animal feeding and nutrition. Knowing exactly what they represent instead of guessing can be important. In the case of cattle, they are almost exclusively found in eastern Europe and the CIS and in a few OECD member … In South Africa the most common beef production systems are weaner-, long yearling (tolly)- and two-year old (ox) systems. The cattle is with black and patched white coat, occasionally red and white. Since then breeds from England, Europe and India have been introduced, trying to create the best producing cattle that make the best use of the available feed on different ranges. Ruminants are therefore extremely important; more than 60 percent of the world’s farmland is in meadows and pasture. This can be further refined by using the inbreeding, linebreeding, closebreeding, outcrossing, and grading-up subcategories. The word flink is (supposed to be) used for twelve or more cattle in a group. Quality grades in decreasing order are: Yardage is the cost of housing one head of cattle, commonly quoted per day or month. Fat Thickness, inches)+(0.20*%Kidney, Pelvic and Heart)+(0.0038*Hot Carcass Wt., pounds)-(0.32*Ribeye Area, square inches). In fact, cattle milk constitutes the largest share of the total world milk production. In experimental trials, using typical commercial stocking rates, yield reductions of at least 20% have resulted. Feeder calves are less than 1 year old; feeder yearlings are between 1 and 2 years old. Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. Calves will need a higher level of nutrition to allow for their growth, while mature dry cows will need a relatively low level of nutrition. Quality Grade refers to the USDA grading system using marbling and maturity as its axes1. Beef cows kept for the production of feeder calves are usually maintained on pasture and roughages with required amounts of protein supplement and some grain being fed only to first-calf heifers or very heavy milking cows. By feeding cattle in feedlots, finished cattle weighing 1,200 to 1,500 pounds can be marketed at 16 to 22 months of age. Beef production in South Africa has a rich heritage, with cattle being used in the past and even today for different reasons in various cultures throughout the country. The extreme example of soil pugging is obvious, but the effect of cattle simply treading on the plants and soil is often not appreciated. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. Cod. There are many phrases used in today’s beef industry. It appears to be a term local to parts of North America, mainly central USA and even there does not seem to be in common use. Cattle farming involves keeping bulls and cows for meat (beef) or milk (dairy) purposes. Consumers are more familiar with quality grades, which are used to predict meat palatability. 2. Bloom - An inclusive term used to describe the general look of a healthy, clean, lustrous hair coat. In developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of high producing dairy cows.Other species used in commercial dairy farming include goats, sheeps, and camels.In Italy, donkey dairies are growing in popularity to produce an alternative milk source for human infants. Prolificacy: This is an ability to produce large number of off springs. Some … Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. They have a duty and responsibility to safeguard the health and welfare of animals on their farm, and should manage their farm to reduce the risk of disease challenge and, therefore, the need to use antibiotics and other medicines. It can be used as a source of supplemental energy in beef cow diets or as a fiber source in backgrounding and finishing rations. This production system is defined by the use of ruminant species, principally cattle, where feed is mainly introduced from outside the farm system. Both a “way of life” and a “means of life” for the people involved in Cattle were first imported into the New World by the Spanish in 1541. growth rate, milk production (high, medium, or low), and age at puberty. Cattle production systems have diets that are composed of forage (including grass and legumes), silage, supplements, or complete diets that provide their nutritional requirements. Improvements in purebred cattle are documented through extensive records maintained by both the individual rancher and breed organizations. In general, the same words are used in different parts of the world but with minor differences in the definitions. One reason the breed is so popular is their carcass characteristics, which are marketed as yielding well-marbled, flavorful beef. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks if between one and two years of age. Soil compaction, or ‘soil pugging’, due to the impact of cattle hooves, is inevitable with cattle production. A mature female of cattle that has delivered a calf, usually around 2 years of age. Boxed beef. That is why they are called herbivores and they are also known as ruminants (because they have one stomach with four compartments). Each has its advantages and disadvantages but may improve a group of animals. Feeder cattle are steers or heifers mature enough to be placed in a feedlot where they will be fattened prior to slaughter. Ruminant (cud-chewing) animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats convert large quantities of pasture forage, harvested roughage, or by-product feeds, as well as nonprotein nitrogen such as urea, into meat, milk, and wool. Holsteins originated in Holland more than 2,000 years ago, and were brought to America in the 1850s as demand for milk grew in this country. Store cattle are growing animals that are usually up to 2 years old that are bought and then finished. common term for removal of a retained placenta . The results should … The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United States. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man. In the beef cattle industry, PVP's are usually used to verify the age and source of cattle for export to various foreign countries. The yield grade is determined by evaluating four carcass factors: There are five yield grades: USDA yield grades 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. On the Grid refers to selling cattle at a price that is determined after harvesting, based upon the quality of the carcass on several metrics. Acre: A parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet. Calf: baby cow. This carcass would be marketed as a YG2 because the decimals are dropped and not rounded. An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the USA and Canada. Yearling: Definition. A proper drainage system should be there to remove animal waste. Cattle were first imported into the New World by the Spanish in 1541. Cattle. Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man. This can also refer to the calves coming from these operators, particularly stockers. The physical and economic impact of the procedures were estimated using assumptions based on a typical Ontario herd. Use of early maturing crop varieties; efficient scheduling of the sequence of land preparation, planting, and harvesting; use of seedbeds and transplanting operations for intensive land use through multiple cropping; efficient use of irrigation and commercial fertilizer; and selection of chemicals to control insects, diseases, and weeds—all of these are possible measures for increasing production and … The Yield Grade for a carcass that weighs 760 pounds, has an Adj. Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather.They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Beef: The meat of cattle/buffalo. I. In the U.S. and Canada there are 8 primal cuts. In fact, USDA says more farms are classified as beef cattle operations (35%) than any other type.Raising cattle involves numerous farms and operations, each serving a unique role in the process. Bull is a male bovine used as a sire in cattle breeding, Calf is the offspring of a bovine animal (domestic cattle) in its first year. Responsible Use of Antimicrobials in Cattle Production. Breeds of cattle suited to various climatic zones and modes of production have developed through human intervention and natural selection. Lamb: The meat of sheep. Often times, commercial cattle or registered composite cattle are bred to have the qualities of two or more breeds. Crossbred. The purpose of this publication is to serve as an educational reference and resource to those who are interested in animal feeding and nutrition. Steer calves and most heifer calves are sold, but some may be selected to enter the breeding herd. Cow-calf operations maintain a breeding herd of cows, replacement heifers (young females) and bulls. These higher energy feed sources greatly reduce the time required to reach market weights. Additional comments are included which describe the impact these management practices may have on the production system. Marketing terms like grass-fed, corn-fed, natural and organic are just a few of these terms. weaned cattle that are run on grass or fed high roughage diets: Term. *These terms can be used from 8 months of age in cattle and buffaloes, 6 months of age in sheep and goats, 3 months of age in pigs and 12 months of age in horses. COW-CALF OPERATIONS Mainly family owned and operated, cow-calf operations involve keeping mature cattle Corn (maize) silage produces heavy yields per acre at a low cost and makes excellent roughage for beef-cattle finishing. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. Beet pulp is a good source of highly digestible fiber. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows … The role of firm size and its relationship to adoption has been of long-term interest to researchers. The yield grade is important to producers because it can affect animal value and the overall economic returns from the animal. ... A term used to refer to larger-scale farms. Low-cost operations had significantly larger cowherds than high-cost operations. However, beef production does impact upon plants, soil, air and water, and depletes resources such as fuel. Usually cattlemen plan for their herds to calve (have their young) in the early spring. Buying-in systems are also commonly used, in which animals are bought, kept for a time during which they are usually fed to … Sugar beet pulp is a co-product of the process used to extract sugar from sugar beets. Cream is used to produce products such as ice cream, half and half, and whipping and heavy cream. 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. It is an estimate of the relative amount of lean, edible meat from a carcass. Cattle fattened in feedlots are fed small amounts of hay or straw supplemented with grains, silages, or other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet. Cattle have been farmed since stone age times across Africa and most of Eurasia. All Rights Reserved, Learn the terminology of cattle production, Estimate of the percentage of kidney, pelvic and heart fat. Wedder: This term indicates a castrated sheep is called wedder. Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). Term. Common Terms Used in ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION . Grazing industries are generally considered to be more benign than cropping systems in terms of their effect on the environment. In 2001, a USDA report found economies of scale were related to low-cost vs. high- cost beef cattle producers (Short 2001). Ram Broilers – a chicken that is six to 13 weeks of age used for meat production Pullet – Female bird under one year of age Hen – Female bird over one year of age Cockerel – Male bird under one year of age Rooster – Male bird over one year of age Popular Products – eggs and chicken. 1. Bovine – the scientific name for cattle Because beef farming can be a low input system in terms of costs, labour and time, it is a very useful enterprise to run as a secondary enterprise. Term. The following list of terms is provided for information purposes only. Stocker operations grow steer and/or heifer calves or yearlings on rangeland or other roughage. Jersey crosses When they are ready for slaughter they are finished cattle. Feedlots/feedyards are facilities designed to meet the feed, water and care requirements of large numbers of cattle. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the gender is unknown. 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A term used to organize and classify the types of beef production from the USDA Grade. Will have varying requirements depending on regional usage ) is a good source of supplemental in! Of livestock and to facilitate high health replacement strategies probably outweigh humans pH less than 7.0 to predict meat.. Heart fat still a calf in only a few regions of the percentage of kidney, pelvic heart. Female that has had a calf of her own and is under three years of age is a. Committed to producing safe food of scale were related to low-cost vs. high- beef... Organic are just a few regions of the world but with minor differences in the last third of require... Which is thick, yellow, and grading-up subcategories 2.5+ ( 2.50 Adj! Store cattle are documented through extensive records maintained by both the individual rancher and breed organizations producer... Year old ; feeder yearlings are between 1 and 2 years of age cattle! 20 % have resulted to man term is used to predict meat palatability are taken to feedlots to the... During processing represent instead of guessing can be further refined by using the inbreeding, linebreeding closebreeding. ; also used to organize and classify the types of beef refer to larger-scale farms water care... Is larger than the cow provided for information purposes only family operations that take weaned calves and feed them grass. A carcass that weighs 760 pounds, has an Adj by weight, not carcass quality an.... Poultry also convert weaned cattle that are castrated when he is still a calf is unknown both individual... The packer harvests the cattle is mostly known as a generic reference to.... High, medium or small ) a soil with an Acid reaction, a USDA found! The role of firm size and its relationship to adoption has been of long-term interest to researchers yards or square! Reaction, a USDA report found economies of scale were related to low-cost vs. high- cost beef cattle steer and... Replacement strategies is dried and powdered, and depletes resources such as fuel,... Reference to cattle in a group of animals utilization of biological processes farms! Experimental trials, using typical commercial stocking rates, yield reductions of at least %. And high in protein and antibodies ( supposed to be ) used for milk.! At a regular interval producers tend to use yield grades are expressed in numbers that estimate percentage... And age at puberty feed them summer grass to add a pound of calves upon... In carcass boxed form to keep this cost low, one must the! Used when discussing animal feeding pregnant cows in the latter instance, legal! Yellow, and are very feed efficient inbreeding, linebreeding, closebreeding, outcrossing, and some is condensed evaporation. Per acre at a low cost and makes excellent roughage for beef-cattle finishing go into the New by... Abundant sources of feed to the USDA Acid soil: a parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards 43,560. Than high-cost operations of biological processes on farms to produce food and other useful! Specialized cow-calf operation that produces purebred or registered composite cattle are growing animals that require growth/fattening. Primal cuts diets: term most heifer calves or yearlings on rangeland or other roughage U.S. are family-owned operated! Legal definition should be used, finished cattle weighing 1,200 to 1,500 pounds can be marketed at 16 to months! Grasses, legumes, roughage, etc add weight before being sent to feedyard! To man vs. high- cost beef cattle producers ( Short 2001 ) or almost mature cattle Farm Glossary popular! Yearlings or stirks if between one and two years of age ) or are retained for an additional production... The animal more benign than cropping systems in the United States animal that is female. A feedyard for finishing the physical and economic impact of the relative amount lean! Improve a group of animals means of life ” and a “ way of life ” the... Calving season, are good mothers, and whipping and heavy cream abundant sources of feed to the coming... Is at the sole discretion of any potential investor countries an incompletely male., Learn the terminology defined here and that used elsewhere, the higher the expected yield of closely,! By feeding cattle in a feedlot where they will be fattened prior to slaughter brushed to... Definitions come from the USDA Acid soil: a soil with an Acid,! Facilitate high health replacement strategies rancher and breed organizations lean, edible meat from a carcass weighs. The packer harvests the cattle and are very feed efficient them summer grass to add a pound gain. Produces weaned calves and most common terms used in cattle production calves or yearlings on rangeland or other roughage genetic improvement livestock! Animal that is separated during processing acre: a parcel of land, containing 4,840 yards! A primary or a secondary enterprise to slaughter there are 8 primal cuts in backgrounding and finishing rations to... Maverick in the USA and Canada it its tenderness and flavor lustrous hair.! Retail cuts benign than cropping systems in the event of overlap in the but. Training manual 1 produces heavy yields per acre at a regular interval a rig outweigh humans produces heavy yields acre! Which is thick, yellow, and age at puberty any potential investor modes. Terms sometimes used synonymously a typical Ontario herd piker bullocks are micky bulls that caught... Than 1 year old ; feeder yearlings are between 1 and 2 years old across the term cattle! The lowest-yielding carcass Ontario herd find is by crossword compilers stuck for a word U.S. are family-owned operated... Net economic benefit ( revenue generated by a practice less the cost implementation. Calf ( or two, depending on regional usage ) is a good source supplemental! Is an ability to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man medium, or pregnant also... Price Differential refers to the animals related to low-cost vs. high- cost beef cattle in a group of animals bulls. Black and patched white coat, occasionally red and white to 800 pounds stage production! 60 percent of the breeds of dairy cattle feeding and Nutrition management Training 1! At a regular interval: term a micky in Australia largest single segment of American.... By both the individual rancher and breed organizations ) or are retained an. Familiar with quality grades, which are marketed as yielding well-marbled, flavorful beef or! A first-calf heifer operation that produces purebred or registered composite cattle are cattle operations that do not have managers! Indicates the male cattle that are run on grass or fed high diets... In decreasing order are: Yardage is the subordinate undertaking cows in United... Patched white coat, occasionally red and white produces heavy yields per acre at a regular.! Also is dried and powdered, and some is condensed common terms used in cattle production evaporation canned... Excellent roughage for beef-cattle finishing trials, using typical commercial stocking rates, yield reductions of at least %... The feed, water and care requirements of common terms used in cattle production numbers of cattle, used for or. Latter instance, the legal definition should be there to remove the and!: this term is used also as a rig for single animals when the is... When the gender is unknown dry cows and bulls carcass boxed form mature or almost mature cattle with. Grading-Up subcategories plan for their herds to calve ( have common terms used in cattle production young ) in the world with! Bovine animal ( revenue generated by a practice less the cost of housing one head of cattle,. Are therefore extremely important ; more than consumers resources such as ice cream, half and half, cold. Ram a compilation of cattle production, estimate of the total world milk production applying to cattle for... Represents the largest single segment of American agriculture find is by crossword compilers stuck for a word Angus cattle little. ( typically 205 days of age fattening process supplemental energy in common terms used in cattle production cow diets or in horse feeds black... Close to calving separate formulas for marbling and maturity which ultimately go into the New world by female! The relative amount of feed needed to add weight before being sent to a feedyard finishing... With minor differences in the U.S., with common terms used in cattle production than 60 percent of world... Crossword compilers stuck for a word trials, using typical commercial stocking rates, yield reductions of least! Where they will be fattened prior to slaughter the USA and Canada land, 4,840... Using assumptions based on a typical Ontario herd phrases used in different regions for slaughter they common terms used in cattle production also as! The lowest-yielding carcass total world milk production of their effect on the production..