The author argues that the controversial concept of multilevel selection is essential for biological evolution, a suggestion that is made to stimulate new debate. Instead, he proposes to describe the process of evolution with the concept of bricolage (tinkering). The evolution of ) Tj -41.25 -11.25 TD -0.0832 Tc 5.1457 Tw (modifiers of within) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1839 Tc 4.5036 Tw (organism change are a necessary) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -87.75 -11.25 TD 0.1178 Tc 3.4447 Tw (prerequisite to the emergence of individuality and the) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0962 Tc -0.2837 Tw (continued well being of the organism. ) Tj 0 195 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0486 Tc 0.0486 Tw (Table ) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (. Thus, at least the initial response to selection may Tj -39.75 -11.25 TD 0.1232 Tc 3.3143 Tw (Under these conditions, an evolutionary transition will) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1096 Tc 0 Tw (occur.) Understanding how) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1175 Tc 5.32 Tw (reproductive modes and developmental progra) Tj 208.5 0 TD -0.0066 Tc 5.0691 Tw (ms are) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -208.5 -11.25 TD 0.2206 Tc 5.5919 Tw (shaped during an evolutionary transition so as to) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1054 Tc -0.1054 Tw (effectively cope with mutation and shape heritable variation ) Tj T* 0.0544 Tc -0.2419 Tw (at the new level is a major concern of our work. ) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0989 Tc 3.0614 Tw (Michod, R.E. Tj 186 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -162.75 -32.25 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1836 Tc 0 Tw (Multi) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1177 Tc -0.0698 Tw (level Selection, Cooperation and ) Tj 15.75 -15 TD -0.171 Tc 0.171 Tw (Variation of Fitness) Tj 98.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -168.75 -18 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0.0669 Tc -0.0044 Tw (We take a multi) Tj 62.25 0 TD -0.2467 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1424 Tc -0.2049 Tw (level selection approach to fitness variation ) Tj -65.25 -11.25 TD 0.2016 Tc 0.3609 Tw (and evolutionary tr) Tj 78 0 TD 0.1131 Tc 0.1994 Tw (ansitions. It is crucial to distinguish the question concerning the level at which adaptations evolve from the question about the identity of the ultimate beneficiaries of that selection process. During development ) Tj -132.75 -11.25 TD 0.1009 Tc -0.2884 Tw (cells proliferate and die \(possibly at different rates\) to create ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0849 Tc 0.2901 Tw (the adult cell group. History. Initially, group fitness is taken to be the average ) Tj -12.75 -11.25 TD 0.1509 Tc 0.1116 Tw (of the component lower level units, but as the evolutionary ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1614 Tc -0.1346 Tw (transition proceeds, group fitness becomes decoupled from ) Tj T* 0.1677 Tc 2.7948 Tw (the fitness of its members. 2 Meiosis, random mating and the random fusion of gametes produce genetic variation within populations of sexually reproducing organisms. On this approach, the level of entity actively selected (the interactor) benefits from evolution by selection at that level through its acquisition of adaptations. Okasha's book on the levels of selection is the most comprehensive philosophical discussion of the subject in relation to the idea of major evolutionary transitions. An organism is more than a group of ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1388 Tc 1.6023 Tw (cooperating cells related by common descent; organisms ) Tj T* 0.0968 Tc 0.4657 Tw (require adaptations that regulate conflict within. 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